The Nyaya Theory of Knowledge A Critical Study of some Problems of Logic and Metaphysics Satischandra Chatterjee english

Chapter I
Introduction
Book I
The Method of Valid Knowledge (Pramana)
Chapter II
The Nature and Forms of Knowledge
1. Definition of knowledge (buddhi)
2. Classification of Knowledge
3. Memory and Dream
4. Doubt (Samsaya)
5. Error (Viparyyaya)
6. Theories of Illusion in Indian Philosophy
7. Hypothetical Argument (tarka)
Chapter II
Valid Knowledge and its method (Prama and Pramana)
1. Definition of Prama or valid Knowledge
2. Definition of Pramana or the method of knowledge
3. Nyaya Criticism of the Buddha's Views of Pramana
4. Nyaya Criticism of the Mimamsa and Sankhya views
Chapter IV
The Factors of Valid Knowledge (Prama)
1. The Subject object and method of Valid Knowledge
2. Distinction of the Method from the subject and object of valid Knowledge
Chapter V
The Test of Truth and Error
1. The Problems and Alternative Solutions
2. The Nyaya theory of extrinsic validity and invalidity
3. Objections to the theory answered by the Nyaya
4. Criticism of the Sankhya view of intrinsic validity and invalidity
5. Criticism of the Buddha theory of intrinsic invalidity and extrinsic validity
6. Criticism of the Mimamsa theory of intrinsic validity and extrinsic invalidity
7. Indian and Western theories of truth
Book II
Perception as a Method of Knowledge (Pratyaksa-Pramana)
Chapter VI
The Definition of Perception
1. Primacy of perception over other methods of knowledge
2. The Buddhist definition of Perception
3. The Jaina Prabhakara and Vedanta Definitions of Perceptions
4. The Nyaya Definitions of Perception
Chapter VII
The Psychology of Perceptions
1. The Senses (Indriya)
2. Function of the Senses
3. The Nature and function of the mind (manas)
4. The Self and its function in perception
Chapter VIII
Ordinary Perception and its objects
1. Different kinds of perception and the categories of reality (Padartha)
2. Perception of Substances or things (Dravya)
3. Perception of attributes (guna) and actions (karma)
4. The Universal (Samanya) particularly (Visesa) and the relation of inherence (Samavaya) 165
5. Perception of non-existence (abhava) 175
6. Internal perception and its objects 182
Chapter IX

Three Modes of ordinary perception 189
1. Nirvikalpaka and savikalpaka perceptions 189
2. Recognition Pratyabhijna as a mode of perception 205
Chapter X

Extraordinary perception (Alaukika Pratyaksa) 209
1. Samanyalaksana or the perception of classes 209
2. Jnanalaksana or acquired perception 218
3. Yoga or intuitive perception 227
Book III

The Theory of Inference (Anumana Pramana)

Chapter XI

The Natures of Inference 233
1. Definition of Anumana or inference 233
2. Distinction between perception and inference 234
3. The constituents of inference 235
Chapter XII

The Grounds of Inference 240
1. The logical ground of vyapti or universal relation 240
2. The question of petition prnicpii in inference 252
3. The Psychological ground of inference (Paksata) 254
4. Lingaparamarsa as the immediate cause of inference 261
Chapter XIII

Classification and logical forms of Inference 265
1. Svartha and Paratha inferences 265
2. Puravat, Sesavat and Samanyatodrsta inferences 266
3. Kevalanvayi Kevala Vyatireki and Anvaya Vyatireki Inferences 268
4. The Logical form of inference 273
Chapter XIV

The Fallacies of Inference 281
1. Distinction between a valid and an invalid reason 281
2. The fallacy of Savyabhicara or the irregular middle 284
3. The Fallacy of Viruddha or the contradictory middle 286
4. The Fallacy of Prakaranasama or the counteracted middle 287
5. The Fallacy of Asiddha or the unproved middle 288
6. The Fallacies of Kalatitia and badhita or the mistimed and contradicted middle 291
7. The Fallacies of Chala jati and nigrahasthana 293
Book IV

Upamana or Comparison

Chapter XV

1. The Nyaya definition of Upamana 299
2. The Jaina Mimamasa and Vedanta views of Upamana 301
3. The Classification of Upamana 305
Chapter XVI

Upamana as an independent source of knowledge (Pramana) 308
1. Can upamana give us any valid knowledge? 308
2. Can Upamana be reduced to any other pramana? 310
3. Conclusion 312
Book V

Sabda or Testimony

Chapter XVII

The Nature and Classification of Sabda 317
1. The Nyaya Definition of Sabda and its different kinds 317
2. Other Systems on the natures and forms of sabda 319
Chapter XVIII

Of Words (Pada) 322
1. Sounds and words 322
2. Words and their meanings 324
3. The Import of words 328
4. The Unity of words and the hypothesis of sphota 332
Chapter XIX

Of Sentences (Vakya) 336
1. The Construction of a sentence 336
2. The Meaning of a sentence 341
3. The Import of Sentences 344
4. Sabda as an independent source of knowledge 349
Chapter XX

Other Sources of Knowledge 358
1. Different views about the ultimate sources of knowledge 358
2. Arthapatti or postulation as a source of knowledge 361
3. Abhava and anupalabdhi as a source of knowledge 367
4. Smrti or memory as a distinct source of knowledge 371
5. Summary and a general estimate of Nyaya Epistemology 377
Index 385