| FORMATTED CONTENTS NOTE |
PART I Introduction And Internet Applications<br/><br/>Chapter 1 Introduction And Overview 1<br/><br/>1.1 Growth Of Computer Networking 1<br/><br/>1.2 Why Networking Seems Complex 2<br/><br/>1.3 The Five Key Aspects Of Networking 2<br/><br/>1.4 Public And Private Parts Of The Internet 6<br/><br/>1.5 Networks, Interoperability, And Standards 8<br/><br/>1.6 Protocol Suites And Layering Models 9<br/><br/>1.7 How Data Passes Through Layers 11<br/><br/>1.8 Headers And Layers 12<br/><br/>1.9 ISO And The OSI Seven Layer Reference Model 13<br/><br/>1.10 Remainder Of The Text 14<br/><br/>1.11 Summary 14<br/><br/>Chapter 2 Internet Trends 17<br/><br/>2.1 Introduction 17<br/><br/>2.2 Resource Sharing 17<br/><br/>2.3 Growth Of The Internet 18<br/><br/>2.4 From Resource Sharing To Communication 21<br/><br/>2.5 From Text To Multimedia 21<br/><br/>2.6 Recent Trends 22<br/><br/>2.7 From Individual Computers To Cloud Computing 23<br/><br/>2.8 Summary 24<br/><br/>Chapter 3 Internet Applications And Network Programming 27<br/><br/>3.1 Introduction 27<br/><br/>3.2 Two Basic Internet Communication Paradigms 28<br/><br/>3.3 Connection-Oriented Communication 29<br/><br/>3.4 The Client-Server Model Of Interaction 30<br/><br/>3.5 Characteristics Of Clients And Servers 31<br/><br/>3.6 Server Programs And Server-Class Computers 31<br/><br/>3.7 Requests, Responses, And Direction Of Data Flow 32<br/><br/>3.8 Multiple Clients And Multiple Servers 32<br/><br/>3.9 Server Identification And Demultiplexing 33<br/><br/>3.10 Concurrent Servers 34<br/><br/>3.11 Circular Dependencies Among Servers 35<br/><br/>3.12 Peer-To-Peer Interactions 35<br/><br/>3.13 Network Programming And The Socket API 36<br/><br/>3.14 Sockets, Descriptors, And Network I/O 36<br/><br/>3.15 Parameters And The Socket API 37<br/><br/>3.16 Socket Calls In A Client And Server 38<br/><br/>3.17 Socket Functions Used By Both Client And Server 38<br/><br/>3.18 The Connect Function Used Only By A Client 40<br/><br/>3.19 Socket Functions Used Only By A Server 40<br/><br/>3.20 Socket Functions Used With The Message Paradigm 43<br/><br/>3.21 Other Socket Functions 44<br/><br/>3.22 Sockets, Threads, And Inheritance 45<br/><br/>3.23 Summary 45<br/><br/>Chapter 4 Traditional Internet Applications 49<br/><br/>4.1 Introduction 49<br/><br/>4.2 Application-Layer Protocols 49<br/><br/>4.3 Representation And Transfer 50<br/><br/>4.4 Web Protocols 51<br/><br/>4.5 Document Representation With HTML 52<br/><br/>4.6 Uniform Resource Locators And Hyperlinks 54<br/><br/>4.7 Web Document Transfer With HTTP 55<br/><br/>4.8 Caching In Browsers 57<br/><br/>4.9 Browser Architecture 59<br/><br/>4.10 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 59<br/><br/>4.11 FTP Communication Paradigm 60<br/><br/>4.12 Electronic Mail 63<br/><br/>4.13 The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 64<br/><br/>4.14 ISPs, Mail Servers, And Mail Access 66<br/><br/>4.15 Mail Access Protocols (POP, IMAP) 67<br/><br/>4.16 Email Representation Standards (RFC2822, MIME) 67<br/><br/>4.17 Domain Name System (DNS) 69<br/><br/>4.18 Domain Names That Begin With A Service Name 71<br/><br/>4.19 The DNS Hierarchy And Server Model 72<br/><br/>4.20 Name Resolution 72<br/><br/>4.21 Caching In DNS Servers 74<br/><br/>4.22 Types Of DNS Entries 75<br/><br/>4.23 Aliases And CNAME Resource Records 76<br/><br/>4.24 Abbreviations And The DNS 76<br/><br/>4.25 Internationalized Domain Names 77<br/><br/>4.26 Extensible Representations (XML) 78<br/><br/>4.27 Summary 79<br/><br/>PART II Data Communication Basics<br/><br/>Chapter 5 Overview Of Data Communications 85<br/><br/>5.1 Introduction 85<br/><br/>5.2 The Essence Of Data Communications 86<br/><br/>5.3 Motivation And Scope Of The Subject 87<br/><br/>5.4 The Conceptual Pieces Of A Communications System 87<br/><br/>5.5 The Subtopics Of Data Communications 90<br/><br/>5.6 Summary 91<br/><br/>Chapter 6 Information Sources And Signals 93<br/><br/>6.1 Introduction 93<br/><br/>6.2 Information Sources 93<br/><br/>6.3 Analog And Digital Signals 94<br/><br/>6.4 Periodic And Aperiodic Signals 94<br/><br/>6.5 Sine Waves And Signal Characteristics 95<br/><br/>6.6 Composite Signals 97<br/><br/>6.7 The Importance Of Composite Signals And Sine Functions 97<br/><br/>6.8 Time And Frequency Domain Representations 98<br/><br/>6.9 Bandwidth Of An Analog Signal 99<br/><br/>6.10 Digital Signals And Signal Levels 100<br/><br/>6.11 Baud And Bits Per Second 101<br/><br/>6.12 Converting A Digital Signal To Analog 102<br/><br/>6.13 The Bandwidth Of A Digital Signal 103<br/><br/>6.14 Synchronization And Agreement About Signals 103<br/><br/>6.15 Line Coding 104<br/><br/>6.16 Manchester Encoding Used In Computer Networks 106<br/><br/>6.17 Converting An Analog Signal To Digital 107<br/><br/>6.18 The Nyquist Theorem And Sampling Rate 108<br/><br/>6.19 Nyquist Theorem And Telephone System Transmission 108<br/><br/>6.20 Nonlinear Encoding 109<br/><br/>6.21 Encoding And Data Compression 109<br/><br/>6.22 Summary 110<br/><br/>Chapter 7 Transmission Media 113<br/><br/>7.1 Introduction 113<br/><br/>7.2 Guided And Unguided Transmission 113<br/><br/>7.3 A Taxonomy By Forms Of Energy 114<br/><br/>7.4 Background Radiation And Electrical Noise 115<br/><br/>7.5 Twisted Pair Copper Wiring 115<br/><br/>7.6 Shielding: Coaxial Cable And Shielded Twisted Pair 117<br/><br/>7.7 Categories Of Twisted Pair Cable 118<br/><br/>7.8 Media Using Light Energy And Optical Fibers 119<br/><br/>7.9 Types Of Fiber And Light Transmission 120<br/><br/>7.10 Optical Fiber Compared To Copper Wiring 121<br/><br/>7.11 Infrared Communication Technologies 122<br/><br/>7.12 Point-To-Point Laser Communication 122<br/><br/>7.13 Electromagnetic (Radio) Communication 123<br/><br/>7.14 Signal Propagation 124<br/><br/>7.15 Types Of Satellites 125<br/><br/>7.16 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellites 126<br/><br/>7.17 GEO Coverage Of The Earth 127<br/><br/>7.18 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites And Clusters 128<br/><br/>7.19 Tradeoffs Among Media Types 128<br/><br/>7.20 Measuring Transmission Media 129<br/><br/>7.21 The Effect Of Noise On Communication 129<br/><br/>7.22 The Significance Of Channel Capacity 130<br/><br/>7.23 Summary 131<br/><br/>Chapter 8 Reliability And Channel Coding 135<br/><br/>8.1 Introduction 135<br/><br/>8.2 The Three Main Sources Of Transmission Errors 135<br/><br/>8.3 Effect Of Transmission Errors On Data 136<br/><br/>8.4 Two Strategies For Handling Channel Errors 137<br/><br/>8.5 Block And Convolutional Error Codes 138<br/><br/>8.6 An Example Block Error Code: Single Parity Checking 139<br/><br/>8.7 The Mathematics Of Block Error Codes And (n,k) Notation 140<br/><br/>8.8 Hamming Distance: A Measure Of A Code’s Strength 140<br/><br/>8.9 The Hamming Distance Among Strings In A Codebook 141<br/><br/>8.10 The Tradeoff Between Error Detection And Overhead 142<br/><br/>8.11 Error Correction With Row And Column (RAC) Parity 142<br/><br/>8.12 The 16-Bit Checksum Used In The Internet 144<br/><br/>8.13 Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) 145<br/><br/>8.14 An Efficient Hardware Implementation Of CRC 148<br/><br/>8.15 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Mechanisms 148<br/><br/>8.16 Summary 149<br/><br/>Chapter 9 Transmission Modes 153<br/><br/>9.1 Introduction 153<br/><br/>9.2 A Taxonomy Of Transmission Modes 153<br/><br/>9.3 Parallel Transmission 154<br/><br/>9.4 Serial Transmission 155<br/><br/>9.5 Transmission Order: Bits And Bytes 156<br/><br/>9.6 Timing Of Serial Transmission 156<br/><br/>9.7 Asynchronous Transmission 157<br/><br/>9.8 RS-232 Asynchronous Character Transmission 157<br/><br/>9.9 Synchronous Transmission 158<br/><br/>9.10 Bytes, Blocks, And Frames 159<br/><br/>9.11 Isochronous Transmission 160<br/><br/>9.12 Simplex, Half-Duplex, And Full-Duplex Transmission 160<br/><br/>9.13 DCE And DTE Equipment 162<br/><br/>9.14 Summary 162<br/><br/>Chapter 10 Modulation And Modems 165<br/><br/>10.1 Introduction 165<br/><br/>10.2 Carriers, Frequency, And Propagation 165<br/><br/>10.3 Analog Modulation Schemes 166<br/><br/>10.4 Amplitude Modulation 166<br/><br/>10.5 Frequency Modulation 167<br/><br/>10.6 Phase Shift Modulation 168<br/><br/>10.7 Amplitude Modulation And Shannon’s Theorem 168<br/><br/>10.8 Modulation, Digital Input, And Shift Keying 168<br/><br/>10.9 Phase Shift Keying 169<br/><br/>10.10 Phase Shift And A Constellation Diagram 171<br/><br/>10.11 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 173<br/><br/>10.12 Modem Hardware For Modulation And Demodulation 174<br/><br/>10.13 Optical And Radio Frequency Modems 174<br/><br/>10.14 Dialup Modems 175<br/><br/>10.15 QAM Applied To Dialup 175<br/><br/>10.16 V.32 And V.32bis Dialup Modems 176<br/><br/>10.17 Summary 177<br/><br/>Chapter 11 Multiplexing And Demultiplexing (Channelization) 181<br/><br/>11.1 Introduction 181<br/><br/>11.2 The Concept Of Multiplexing 181<br/><br/>11.3 The Basic Types Of Multiplexing 182<br/><br/>11.4 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 183<br/><br/>11.5 Using A Range Of Frequencies Per Channel 185<br/><br/>11.6 Hierarchical FDM 186<br/><br/>11.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 187<br/><br/>11.8 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 187<br/><br/>11.9 Synchronous TDM 188<br/><br/>11.10 Framing Used In The Telephone System Version Of TDM 189<br/><br/>11.11 Hierarchical TDM 190<br/><br/>11.12 The Problem With Synchronous TDM: Unfilled Slots 190<br/><br/>11.13 Statistical TDM 191<br/><br/>11.14 Inverse Multiplexing 192<br/><br/>11.15 Code Division Multiplexing 193<br/><br/>11.16 Summary 195<br/><br/>Chapter 12 Access And Interconnection Technologies 199<br/><br/>12.1 Introduction 199<br/><br/>12.2 Internet Access Technology: Upstream And Downstream 199<br/><br/>12.3 Narrowband And Broadband Access Technologies 200<br/><br/>12.4 The Local Loop And ISDN 202<br/><br/>12.5 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies 202<br/><br/>12.6 Local Loop Characteristics And Adaptation 203<br/><br/>12.7 The Data Rate Of ADSL 204<br/><br/>12.8 ADSL Installation And Splitters 205<br/><br/>12.9 Cable Modem Technologies 205<br/><br/>12.10 The Data Rate Of Cable Modems 206<br/><br/>12.11 Cable Modem Installation 206<br/><br/>12.12 Hybrid Fiber Coax 207<br/><br/>12.13 Access Technologies That Employ Optical Fiber 208<br/><br/>12.14 Head-End And Tail-End Modem Terminology 208<br/><br/>12.15 Wireless Access Technologies 209<br/><br/>12.16 High-Capacity Connections At The Internet Core 209<br/><br/>12.17 Circuit Termination, DSU/ CSU, And NIU 210<br/><br/>12.18 Telephone Standards For Digital Circuits 211<br/><br/>12.19 DS Terminology And Data Rates 212<br/><br/>12.20 Highest Capacity Circuits (STS Standards) 212<br/><br/>12.21 Optical Carrier Standards 213<br/><br/>12.22 The C Suffix 213<br/><br/>12.23 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 214<br/><br/>12.24 Summary 215<br/><br/>PART III Packet Switching And Network Technologies<br/><br/>Chapter 13 Local Area Networks: Packets, Frames, And Topologies 219<br/><br/>13.1 Introduction 219<br/><br/>13.2 Circuit Switching And Analog Communication 220<br/><br/>13.3 Packet Switching 221<br/><br/>13.4 Local And Wide Area Packet Networks 222<br/><br/>13.5 Standards For Packet Format And Identification 223<br/><br/>13.6 IEEE 802 Model And Standards 224<br/><br/>13.7 Point-To-Point And Multi-Access Networks 225<br/><br/>13.8 LAN Topologies 227<br/><br/>13.9 Packet Identification, Demultiplexing, MAC Addresses 229<br/><br/>13.10 Unicast, Broadcast, And Multicast Addresses 230<br/><br/>13.11 Broadcast, Multicast, And Efficient Multi-Point Delivery 231<br/><br/>13.12 Frames And Framing 232<br/><br/>13.13 Byte And Bit Stuffing 233<br/><br/>13.14 Summary 234<br/><br/>Chapter 14 The IEEE MAC Sublayer 239<br/><br/>14.1 Introduction 239<br/><br/>14.2 A Taxonomy Of Mechanisms For Shared Access 239<br/><br/>14.3 Static And Dynamic Channel Allocation 240<br/><br/>14.4 Channelization Protocols 241<br/><br/>14.5 Controlled Access Protocols 242<br/><br/>14.6 Random Access Protocols 244<br/><br/>14.7 Summary 250<br/><br/>Chapter 15 Wired LAN Technology (Ethernet And 802.3) 253<br/><br/>15.1 Introduction 253<br/><br/>15.2 The Venerable Ethernet 253<br/><br/>15.3 Ethernet Frame Format 254<br/><br/>15.4 Ethernet Frame Type Field And Demultiplexing 254<br/><br/>15.5 IEEE’s Version Of Ethernet (802.3) 255<br/><br/>15.6 LAN Connections And Network Interface Cards 256<br/><br/>15.7 Ethernet Evolution And Thicknet Wiring 256<br/><br/>15.8 Thinnet Ethernet Wiring 257<br/><br/>15.9 Twisted Pair Ethernet Wiring And Hubs 258<br/><br/>15.10 Physical And Logical Ethernet Topology 259<br/><br/>15.11 Wiring In An Office Building 259<br/><br/>15.12 Ethernet Data Rates And Cable Types 261<br/><br/>15.13 Twisted Pair Connectors And Cables 261<br/><br/>15.14 Summary 262<br/><br/>Chapter 16 Wireless Networking Technologies 265<br/><br/>16.1 Introduction 265<br/><br/>16.2 A Taxonomy Of Wireless Networks 265<br/><br/>16.3 Personal Area Networks (PANs) 266<br/><br/>16.4 ISM Wireless Bands Used By LANs And PANs 267<br/><br/>16.5 Wireless LAN Technologies And Wi-Fi 267<br/><br/>16.6 Spread Spectrum Techniques 268<br/><br/>16.7 Other Wireless LAN Standards 269<br/><br/>16.8 Wireless LAN Architecture 270<br/><br/>16.9 Overlap, Association, And 802.11 Frame Format 271<br/><br/>16.10 Coordination Among Access Points 272<br/><br/>16.11 Contention And Contention-Free Access 272<br/><br/>16.12 Wireless MAN Technology And WiMax 274<br/><br/>16.13 PAN Technologies And Standards 276<br/><br/>16.14 Other Short-Distance Communication Technologies 277<br/><br/>16.15 Wireless WAN Technologies 278<br/><br/>16.16 Micro Cells 280<br/><br/>16.17 Cell Clusters And Frequency Reuse 280<br/><br/>16.18 Generations Of Cellular Technologies 282<br/><br/>16.19 VSAT Satellite Technology 284<br/><br/>16.20 GPS Satellites 285<br/><br/>16.21 Software Defined Radio And The Future Of Wireless 286<br/><br/>16.22 Summary 287<br/><br/>Chapter 17 Repeaters, Bridges, And Switches 291<br/><br/>17.1 Introduction 291<br/><br/>17.2 Distance Limitation And LAN Design 291<br/><br/>17.3 Fiber Modem Extensions 292<br/><br/>17.4 Repeaters 293<br/><br/>17.5 Bridges And Bridging 293<br/><br/>17.6 Learning Bridges And Frame Filtering 294<br/><br/>17.7 Why Bridging Works Well 295<br/><br/>17.8 Distributed Spanning Tree 296<br/><br/>17.9 Switching And Layer 2 Switches 297<br/><br/>17.10 VLAN Switches 299<br/><br/>17.11 Multiple Switches And Shared VLANs 300<br/><br/>17.12 The Importance Of Bridging 301<br/><br/>17.13 Summary 302<br/><br/>Chapter 18 WAN Technologies And Dynamic Routing 305<br/><br/>18.1 Introduction 305<br/><br/>18.2 Large Spans And Wide Area Networks 305<br/><br/>18.3 Traditional WAN Architecture 306<br/><br/>18.4 Forming A WAN 308<br/><br/>18.5 Store And Forward Paradigm 309<br/><br/>18.6 Addressing In A WAN 309<br/><br/>18.7 Next-Hop Forwarding 310<br/><br/>18.8 Source Independence 313<br/><br/>18.9 Dynamic Routing Updates In A WAN 313<br/><br/>18.10 Default Routes 314<br/><br/>18.11 Forwarding Table Computation 315<br/><br/>18.12 Distributed Route Computation 316<br/><br/>18.13 Shortest Paths And Weights 320<br/><br/>18.14 Routing Problems 321<br/><br/>18.15 Summary 322<br/><br/>Chapter 19 Networking Technologies Past And Present 325<br/><br/>19.1 Introduction 325<br/><br/>19.2 Connection And Access Technologies 325<br/><br/>19.3 LAN Technologies 327<br/><br/>19.4 WAN Technologies 328<br/><br/>19.5 Summary 332<br/><br/>PART IV Internetworking<br/><br/>Chapter 20 Internetworking: Concepts, Architecture, And Protocols 335<br/><br/>20.1 Introduction 335<br/><br/>20.2 The Motivation For Internetworking 335<br/><br/>20.3 The Concept Of Universal Service 336<br/><br/>20.4 Universal Service In A Heterogeneous World 336<br/><br/>20.5 Internetworking 337<br/><br/>20.6 Physical Network Connection With Routers 337<br/><br/>20.7 Internet Architecture 338<br/><br/>20.8 Intranets And Internets 339<br/><br/>20.9 Achieving Universal Service 339<br/><br/>20.10 A Virtual Network 339<br/><br/>20.11 Protocols For Internetworking 341<br/><br/>20.12 Review Of TCP/IP Layering 341<br/><br/>20.13 Host Computers, Routers, And Protocol Layers 342<br/><br/>20.14 Summary 342<br/><br/>Chapter 21 IP: Internet Addressing 345<br/><br/>21.1 Introduction 345<br/><br/>21.2 The Move To IPv6 345<br/><br/>21.3 The Hourglass Model And Difficulty Of Change 346<br/><br/>21.4 Addresses For The Virtual Internet 346<br/><br/>21.5 The IP Addressing Scheme 348<br/><br/>21.6 The IP Address Hierarchy 348<br/><br/>21.7 Original Classes Of IPv4 Addresses 349<br/><br/>21.8 IPv4 Dotted Decimal Notation 350<br/><br/>21.9 Authority For Addresses 351<br/><br/>21.10 IPv4 Subnet And Classless Addressing 351<br/><br/>21.11 Address Masks 353<br/><br/>21.12 CIDR Notation Used With IPv4 354<br/><br/>21.13 A CIDR Example 354<br/><br/>21.14 CIDR Host Addresses 356<br/><br/>21.15 Special IPv4 Addresses 357<br/><br/>21.16 Summary Of Special IPv4 Addresses 359<br/><br/>21.17 IPv4 Berkeley Broadcast Address Form 359<br/><br/>21.18 Routers And The IPv4 Addressing Principle 360<br/><br/>21.19 Multihomed Hosts 361<br/><br/>21.20 IPv6 Multihoming And Network Renumbering 361<br/><br/>21.21 IPv6 Addressing 362<br/><br/>21.22 IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation 363<br/><br/>21.23 Summary 364<br/><br/>Chapter 22 Datagram Forwarding 369<br/><br/>22.1 Introduction 369<br/><br/>22.2 Connectionless Service 369<br/><br/>22.3 Virtual Packets 370<br/><br/>22.4 The IP Datagram 370<br/><br/>22.5 The IPv4 Datagram Header Format 371<br/><br/>22.6 The IPv6 Datagram Header Format 373<br/><br/>22.7 IPv6 Base Header Format 373<br/><br/>22.8 Forwarding An IP Datagram 375<br/><br/>22.9 Network Prefix Extraction And Datagram Forwarding 376<br/><br/>22.10 Longest Prefix Match 377<br/><br/>22.11 Destination Address And Next-Hop Address 378<br/><br/>22.12 Best-Effort Delivery 378<br/><br/>22.13 IP Encapsulation 379<br/><br/>22.14 Transmission Across An Internet 380<br/><br/>22.15 MTU And Datagram Fragmentation 381<br/><br/>22.16 Fragmentation Of An IPv6 Datagram 383<br/><br/>22.17 Reassembly Of An IP Datagram From Fragments 384<br/><br/>22.18 Collecting The Fragments Of A Datagram 385<br/><br/>22.19 The Consequence Of Fragment Loss 386<br/><br/>22.20 Fragmenting An IPv4 Fragment 386<br/><br/>22.21 Summary 387<br/><br/>Chapter 23 Support Protocols And Technologies 391<br/><br/>23.1 Introduction 391<br/><br/>23.2 Address Resolution 391<br/><br/>23.3 An Example Of IPv4 Addresses 393<br/><br/>23.4 The IPv4 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 393<br/><br/>23.5 ARP Message Format 394<br/><br/>23.6 ARP Encapsulation 395<br/><br/>23.7 ARP Caching And Message Processing 396<br/><br/>23.8 The Conceptual Address Boundary 398<br/><br/>23.9 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 399<br/><br/>23.10 ICMP Message Format And Encapsulation 400<br/><br/>23.11 IPv6 Address Binding With Neighbor Discovery 401<br/><br/>23.12 Protocol Software, Parameters, And Configuration 401<br/><br/>23.13 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 402<br/><br/>23.14 DHCP Protocol Operation And Optimizations 403<br/><br/>23.15 DHCP Message Format 404<br/><br/>23.16 Indirect DHCP Server Access Through A Relay 405<br/><br/>23.17 IPv6 Autoconfiguration 405<br/><br/>23.18 Network Address Translation (NAT) 406<br/><br/>23.19 NAT Operation And IPv4 Private Addresses 407<br/><br/>23.20 Transport-Layer NAT (NAPT) 409<br/><br/>23.21 NAT And Servers 410<br/><br/>23.22 NAT Software And Systems For Use At Home 410<br/><br/>23.23 Summary 411<br/><br/>Chapter 24 UDP: Datagram Transport Service 415<br/><br/>24.1 Introduction 415<br/><br/>24.2 Transport Protocols And End-To-End Communication 415<br/><br/>24.3 The User Datagram Protocol 416<br/><br/>24.4 The Connectionless Paradigm 417<br/><br/>24.5 Message-Oriented Interface 417<br/><br/>24.6 UDP Communication Semantics 418<br/><br/>24.7 Modes Of Interaction And Multicast Delivery 419<br/><br/>24.8 Endpoint Identification With Protocol Port Numbers 419<br/><br/>24.9 UDP Datagram Format 420<br/><br/>24.10 The UDP Checksum And The Pseudo Header 421<br/><br/>24.11 UDP Encapsulation 421<br/><br/>24.12 Summary 422<br/><br/>Chapter 25 TCP: Reliable Transport Service 425<br/><br/>25.1 Introduction 425<br/><br/>25.2 The Transmission Control Protocol 425<br/><br/>25.3 The Service TCP Provides To Applications 426<br/><br/>25.4 End-To-End Service And Virtual Connections 427<br/><br/>25.5 Techniques That Transport Protocols Use 428<br/><br/>25.6 Techniques To Avoid Congestion 432<br/><br/>25.7 The Art Of Protocol Design 433<br/><br/>25.8 Techniques Used In TCP To Handle Packet Loss 434<br/><br/>25.9 Adaptive Retransmission 435<br/><br/>25.10 Comparison Of Retransmission Times 436<br/><br/>25.11 Buffers, Flow Control, And Windows 437<br/><br/>25.12 TCP’s Three-Way Handshake 438<br/><br/>25.13 TCP Congestion Control 440<br/><br/>25.14 Versions Of TCP Congestion Control 441<br/><br/>25.15 Other Variations: SACK And ECN 441<br/><br/>25.16 TCP Segment Format 442<br/><br/>25.17 Summary 443<br/><br/>Chapter 26 Internet Routing And Routing Protocols 447<br/><br/>26.1 Introduction 447<br/><br/>26.2 Static Vs. Dynamic Routing 447<br/><br/>26.3 Static Routing In Hosts And A Default Route 448<br/><br/>26.4 Dynamic Routing And Routers 449<br/><br/>26.5 Routing In The Global Internet 450<br/><br/>26.6 Autonomous System Concept 451<br/><br/>26.7 The Two Types Of Internet Routing Protocols 451<br/><br/>26.8 Routes And Data Traffic 454<br/><br/>26.9 The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 454<br/><br/>26.10 The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 456<br/><br/>26.11 RIP Packet Format 457<br/><br/>26.12 The Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF) 458<br/><br/>26.13 An Example OSPF Graph 459<br/><br/>26.14 OSPF Areas 459<br/><br/>26.15 Intermediate System - Intermediate System (IS-IS) 460<br/><br/>26.16 Multicast Routing 461<br/><br/>26.17 Summary 465<br/><br/>PART V Other Networking Concepts & Technologies<br/><br/>Chapter 27 Network Performance (QoS And DiffServ) 469<br/><br/>27.1 Introduction 469<br/><br/>27.2 Measures Of Performance 469<br/><br/>27.3 Latency Or Delay 470<br/><br/>27.4 Capacity, Throughput, And Goodput 472<br/><br/>27.5 Understanding Throughput And Delay 473<br/><br/>27.6 Jitter 474<br/><br/>27.7 The Relationship Between Delay And Throughput 475<br/><br/>27.8 Measuring Delay, Throughput, And Jitter 476<br/><br/>27.9 Passive Measurement, Small Packets, And NetFlow 478<br/><br/>27.10 Quality Of Service (QoS) 479<br/><br/>27.11 Fine-Grain And Coarse-Grain QoS 480<br/><br/>27.12 Implementation Of QoS 482<br/><br/>27.13 Internet QoS Technologies 484<br/><br/>27.14 Summary 485<br/><br/>Chapter 28 Multimedia And IP Telephony (VoIP) 489<br/><br/>28.1 Introduction 489<br/><br/>28.2 Real-Time Data Transmission And Best-Effort Delivery 489<br/><br/>28.3 Delayed Playback And Jitter Buffers 490<br/><br/>28.4 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) 491<br/><br/>28.5 RTP Encapsulation 492<br/><br/>28.6 IP Telephony 493<br/><br/>28.7 Signaling And VoIP Signaling Standards 494<br/><br/>28.8 Components Of An IP Telephone System 495<br/><br/>28.9 Summary Of Protocols And Layering 498<br/><br/>28.10 H.323 Characteristics 499<br/><br/>28.11 H.323 Layering 499<br/><br/>28.12 SIP Characteristics And Methods 500<br/><br/>28.13 An Example SIP Session 501<br/><br/>28.14 Telephone Number Mapping And Routing 502<br/><br/>28.15 Summary 503<br/><br/>Chapter 29 Network Security 507<br/><br/>29.1 Introduction 507<br/><br/>29.2 Criminal Exploits And Attacks 507<br/><br/>29.3 Security Policy 511<br/><br/>29.4 Responsibility And Control 512<br/><br/>29.5 Security Technologies 513<br/><br/>29.6 Hashing: An Integrity And Authentication Mechanism 513<br/><br/>29.7 Access Control And Passwords 514<br/><br/>29.8 Encryption: A Fundamental Security Technique 514<br/><br/>29.9 Private Key Encryption 515<br/><br/>29.10 Public Key Encryption 515<br/><br/>29.11 Authentication With Digital Signatures 516<br/><br/>29.12 Key Authorities And Digital Certificates 517<br/><br/>29.13 Firewalls 519<br/><br/>29.14 Firewall Implementation With A Packet Filter 520<br/><br/>29.15 Intrusion Detection Systems 522<br/><br/>29.16 Content Scanning And Deep Packet Inspection 522<br/><br/>29.17 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 523<br/><br/>29.18 The Use of VPN Technology For Telecommuting 525<br/><br/>29.19 Packet Encryption Vs. Tunneling 526<br/><br/>29.20 Security Technologies 528<br/><br/>29.21 Summary 529<br/><br/>Chapter 30 Network Management (SNMP) 533<br/><br/>30.1 Introduction 533<br/><br/>30.2 Managing An Intranet 533<br/><br/>30.3 FCAPS: The Industry Standard Model 534<br/><br/>30.4 Example Network Elements 536<br/><br/>30.5 Network Management Tools 536<br/><br/>30.6 Network Management Applications 538<br/><br/>30.7 Simple Network Management Protocol 539<br/><br/>30.8 SNMP’s Fetch-Store Paradigm 539<br/><br/>30.9 The SNMP MIB And Object Names 540<br/><br/>30.10 The Variety Of MIB Variables 541<br/><br/>30.11 MIB Variables That Correspond To Arrays 541<br/><br/>30.12 Summary 542<br/><br/>Chapter 31 Software Defined Networking (SDN) 545<br/><br/>31.1 Introduction 545<br/><br/>31.2 Marketing Hype And Reality 545<br/><br/>31.3 Motivation For A New Approach 546<br/><br/>31.4 Conceptual Organization Of A Network Element 548<br/><br/>31.5 Control Plane Modules And The Hardware Interface 549<br/><br/>31.6 A New Paradigm: Software Defined Networking 550<br/><br/>31.7 Unanswered Questions 551<br/><br/>31.8 Shared Controllers And Network Connections 552<br/><br/>31.9 SDN Communication 553<br/><br/>31.10 OpenFlow: A Controller-To-Element Protocol 554<br/><br/>31.11 Classification Engines In Switches 555<br/><br/>31.12 TCAM And High-Speed Classification 556<br/><br/>31.13 Classification Across Multiple Protocol Layers 557<br/><br/>31.14 TCAM Size And The Need For Multiple Patterns 557<br/><br/>31.15 Items OpenFlow Can Specify 558<br/><br/>31.16 Traditional And Extended IP Forwarding 559<br/><br/>31.17 End-To-End Path With MPLS Using Layer 2 560<br/><br/>31.18 Dynamic Rule Creation And Control Of Flows 561<br/><br/>31.19 A Pipeline Model For Flow Tables 562<br/><br/>31.20 SDN’s Potential Effect On Network Vendors 563<br/><br/>31.21 Summary 564<br/><br/>Chapter 32 The Internet Of Things 567<br/><br/>32.1 Introduction 567<br/><br/>32.2 Embedded Systems 567<br/><br/>32.3 Choosing A Network Technology 569<br/><br/>32.4 Energy Harvesting 570<br/><br/>32.5 Low Power Wireless Communication 570<br/><br/>32.6 Mesh Topology 571<br/><br/>32.7 The ZigBee Alliance 571<br/><br/>32.8 802.15.4 Radios And Wireless Mesh Networks 572<br/><br/>32.9 Internet Connectivity And Mesh Routing 573<br/><br/>32.10 IPv6 In A ZigBee Mesh Network 574<br/><br/>32.11 The ZigBee Forwarding Paradigm 575<br/><br/>32.12 Other Protocols In the ZigBee Stack 576<br/><br/>32.13 Summary 577<br/><br/>Chapter 33 Trends In Networking Technologies And Uses 579<br/><br/>33.1 Introduction 579<br/><br/>33.2 The Need For Scalable Internet Services 579<br/><br/>33.3 Content Caching (Akamai) 580<br/><br/>33.4 Web Load Balancers 580<br/><br/>33.5 Server Virtualization 581<br/><br/>33.6 Peer-To-Peer Communication 581<br/><br/>33.7 Distributed Data Centers And Replication 582<br/><br/>33.8 Universal Representation (XML) 582<br/><br/>33.9 Social Networking 583<br/><br/>33.10 Mobility And Wireless Networking 583<br/><br/>33.11 Digital Video 583<br/><br/>33.12 Higher-Speed Access And Switching 584<br/><br/>33.13 Cloud Computing 584<br/><br/>33.14 Overlay Networks 584<br/><br/>33.15 Middleware 586<br/><br/>33.16 Widespread Deployment Of IPv6 586<br/><br/>33.17 Summary 587<br/><br/>Appendix 1 A Simplified Application Programming Interface 589<br/><br/>Index 617 |